164502 Results for: "1-Cyclopropylmethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-boronic+acid,+pinacol+ester"

Supplier: Prosci

IKK beta Antibody: Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) is a ubiquitous transcription factor and an essential mediator of gene expression during activation of immune and inflammatory responses. NF-kappa B mediates the expression of a great variety of genes in response to extracellular stimuli including IL-1, TNF alpha , and bacteria product LPS. NF-kappa B is associated with I kappa B proteins in the cell cytoplasm, which inhibit NF-kappa B activity. The long-sought I kappa B kinase (IKK), which phosphorylates I kappa B, and mediates I kappa B degradation and NF-kappa B activation, was recently identified by several laboratories. IKK is a serine protein kinase, and the IKK complex contains alpha and beta subunits (IKK alpha and IKK beta ). IKK alpha and IKK beta interact with each other and both are essential for NF-kappa B activation. IKK beta phosphorylates both I kappa B-alpha and I kappa B-beta. IKK beta is expressed in variety of human tissues.

Supplier: Prosci

Tryptases comprise a family of trypsin-like serine proteases, the peptidase family S1. Tryptases are enzymatically active only as heparin-stabilized tetramers, and they are resistant to all known endogenous proteinase inhibitors. Several tryptase genes are clustered on chromosome 16p13.3. These genes are characterized by several distinct features. They have a highly conserved 3' UTR and contain tandem repeat sequences at the 5' flank and 3' UTR which are thought to play a role in regulation of the mRNA stability. Although this gene may be an exception, most of the tryptase genes have an intron immediately upstream of the initiator Met codon, which separates the site of transcription initiation from protein coding sequence. This feature is characteristic of tryptases but is unusual in other genes. Tryptases have been implicated as mediators in the pathogenesis of asthma and other allergic and inflammatory disorders. TPSD1 was once considered to be a pseudogene, although it is now believed to be a functional gene that encodes a protein.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

KLF4 is a transcription factor that functions as both a transcriptional activator and repressor to regulate proliferation and differentiation of multiple cell types. The role of KLF4 in embryonic development suggested that it might be useful in the creation of stem cells that might be useful in cell replacement therapies in the treatment of several degenerative diseases. Artificial stem cells, termed induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, can be created by expressing KLF4 and the transcription factors POU5F1, Sox2, and Lin28 along with c-Myc in mouse fibroblasts. More recently, experiments have demonstrated that iPS cells could be generated using expression plasmids expressing KLF4, Sox2, POU5F1 and c-Myc, eliminating the need for virus introduction, thereby addressing a safety concern for potential use of iPS cells in regenerative medicine. KLF4 interacts directly with POU5F1 and Sox2 in iPS and ES cells and activates the target gene NANOG.

Supplier: Biosensis

MAP1A and MAP1B are microtubule-associated protein which mediate the physical interactions between microtubules and components of the cytoskeleton (probably involved in autophagosome formation). MAP1A and MAP1B each consist of a heavy chain subunit and 3 different light chain subunits (LC1, LC2 and LC3). MAP1LC3A is one of the light chain subunits and can associate with either MAP1A or MAP1B. The precursor form of MAP1LC3A is cleaved by APG4/ATG4B to form the cytosolic form LC3-1. This is activated by APG7L/ATG7, transferred to ATG3 and conjugated to phospholipid to form the membrane-bound form, LC3-II. MAP1LC3A is most abundant in heart, brain, liver, skeletal muscle and testis but is absent in thymus and peripheral leukocytes. Antibody reacts with human and rat. The antibody is expected to react with mouse MAP1LC3A protein due to 100% sequence homology.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

IKAP was initially identified as a scaffold protein of the IkB kinase complex that could bind to IKKa, IKKb, NF-kB, and the NF-kB-inducing kinase (NIK), although later evidence has cast doubt on this. More recent reports show that mutations in IKAP such as a frameshift leading to a truncated protein or a missense mutation that leads to defective phosphorylation are responsible for the autosomal recessive genetic disease familial dysautonomia (FD). Reports indicating that it forms part of the RNA polymerase II transcription elongation complex suggest that this disease may be due to compromised transcription elongation. More recently, it was shown that IKAP associates with c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and could specifically enhance JNK activation induced by the upstream JNK activators MEKK1 and ASK1, indicating another possible cause for FD. At least two isoforms of IKAP are known two exist.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Apoptosis is mediated by death domain (DD) and/or caspase recruitment domain (CARD) containing molecules and a caspase family of proteases. DD-containing serine/threonine kinase RIP regulates Fas-induced apoptosis. A novel CARD-containing serine/threonine kinase was recently identified and designated RICK/RIP2/CARDIAK for RIP-like interacting CLARP kinase, receptor interacting protein-2, and CARD-containing ICE associated kinase, respectively. RICK contains an N-terminal kinase catalytic domain and a C-terminal CARD domain. Overexpression of RICK induced apoptosis and activation of NF-kB and JNK. RICK interacts with members of the TRAF family, CLARP and caspase-1. Thus, RICK represents a novel kinase that regulates TNF and Fas induced-apoptosis and that is involved in the generation of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1b. The messenger RNA of RICK is expressed in multiple human tissues.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

The ZBTB family of proteins is comprised of diverse zinc finger proteins that also contain a BTB (BR-C, ttk and bab) domain. Similar to Kaiso, a zinc-finger containing protein that can bind methylated CpGs, ZBTB4 can also bind methylated DNA and repress transcription. ZBTB4 has been shown to associate with the Sin3/histone deacetylase co-repressor and repress expression of P21CIP1 as part of a heterodimeric complex with Miz1. In cultured cells, depletion of ZBTB4 promotes cell cycle arrest in response to p53 activation and suppresses apoptosis through regulation of P21CIP1, suggesting that ZBTB4 is a critical determinant of the cellular response to p53 activation. HIPK2, a kinase that is involved in cellular proliferation and survival, phosphorylates and down-regulates ZBTB4 under normal cell growth conditions; this degradation increases with DNA damage.

Supplier: Prosci

LSD1 Antibody: Histone modifications mediate changes in gene expression by altering chromatin structure or by serving as a platform to recruit other proteins. LSD1 is a recently discovered amine oxidase that catalyzes the lysine-specific demethylation of histone proteins via an FAD-dependent oxidative reaction. Methylation on histone H3-K9 is thought to play an important role in heterochromatin formation, while methylation on arginine and some lysine residues (such as H3-K4) is associated with active transcription. LSD1 associates with various proteins, including HDAC1/2, CoREST, and BHC80, that act to regulate LSD1 activity in vivo, and in a histone H3-K4-specific methylase complex that is involved in transcriptional regulation. Experiments have shown that CoREST, a SANT domain-containing corepressor acts to enhance LSD1 activity, while BHC80, a PHD domain-containing protein, inhibits CoREST/LSD1 activity in vitro. LSD1-mediated histone demethylation thus may have significant effects on gene expression.

Supplier: Prosci

This gene encodes a member of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family. PPARs are nuclear hormone receptors that bind peroxisome proliferators and control the size and number of peroxisomes produced by cells. PPARs mediate a variety of biological processes, and may be involved in the development of several chronic diseases, including diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, and cancer. This protein is a potent inhibitor of ligand-induced transcription activity of PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma. It may function as an integrator of transcription repression and nuclear receptor signaling. The expression of this gene is found to be elevated in colorectal cancer cells. The elevated expression can be repressed by adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC), a tumor suppressor protein related to APC/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Knockout studies in mice suggested the role of this protein in myelination of the corpus callosum, lipid metabolism, and epidermal cell proliferation. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Nanos1 is one of three known mammalian homologs to the Drosophila gene nanos. Nanos1 is an RNA-binding protein containing a zinc-finger motif and is expressed in the developing nervous system and continues in the adult brain. Interestingly, unlike mice deficient in either nanos2 or nanos3, mice lacking the nanos1 gene develop normally with no sign of abnormalities. Recently it has been found that expression of nanos1 mRNA is down-regulated by E-cadherin in a human breast cancer cell line and the amino-terminal domain on Nanos1 interacts with the E-cadherin-binding protein p120ctn. Furthermore, overexpression of Nanos1 in human colorectal DLD1 cancer cells functionally abolished cell-cell adhesion, allowing the cancer cells to develop strong migratory and invasive properties. These results suggest that targeting Nanos1 might prove an effective strategy in the treatment of E-cadherin-negative tumors.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Activation of NF-kB as a result of Toll-like receptor (TLR) and IL-1 receptor signaling is a major component of innate immune responses. Signals from these receptors are relayed by a number of adapter molecules such as TRIF, TIRAP, and MyD88. Several regulatory mechanisms exist to control TLR signal transduction, including the inhibition of TLR expression and signaling by molecules such as ST2 and SIGIRR. Another mechanism is by the ubi-quitinization of selected TLRs by TRIAD3A, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. TRIAD3A is a RING finger protein that can bind to TLR4 and TLR9, and to a lesser extent TLR3 and TLR5, catalyzing the ubiquitization of these molecules. Overexpression of TRIAD3A promoted the nearly complete degradation of TLR4 and TLR9; this reduction was reflected in the decreased signal-specific activation by ligands specific for these TLRs. Conversely, depletion of TRIAD3A resulted in enhanced TLR activation.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

TRIM5 is a member of a broad family of otherwise unrelated proteins defined by the presence of a tripartite motif containing a RING domain, a B-box type 1, and a B-box type 2, followed by a coiled-coil region. TRIM5 has five alternately spliced isoforms, the longest of which is the alpha variant which also contains a carboxy-terminal B30.2 (SPRY) domain. Expression of TRIM5a variants from humans, rhesus monkeys, and African green monkeys enabled resistance to infection by various retroviruses including HIV-1, albeit at differing efficiencies. The TRIM5d isoform has been shown to colocalize with the topoisomerase I-interacting proteins BTBD1 and BTBD2 in punctate or elongated cytoplasmic bodies in several mouse and human cells where it appears to serve as a scaffold for the assembly of endogenous BTBD proteins. TRIM5d also exhibits autoubiquitination activity in a RING finger- and UbcH5B-dependent manner.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Neuronal PAS domain protein 3 (NPAS3) is a brain-enriched basic helix-loop-helix PAS domain transcription factor and is broadly expressed in the developing neuroepithelium and has recently found to be disrupted by genetic translocation in a family affected with schizophrenia. It was recently shown to be involved in the regulation of FGF signaling in the dentate gyrus by controlling the expression of the FGF receptor subtype 1 and in turn neurogenesis emanating from this region. NPAS3-null mice were growth-retarded and displayed brain defects that included reduced size of the anterior hippocampus, hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, and enlargement of the ventricles, as well as several behavioral abnormalities. Furthermore, these NPAS3-null mice also exhibited disruptions in several neurosignaling pathways involving glutamate, dopamine, and serotonin. These results demonstrate the essential role played by NPAS3 during structural and functional brain development. At least three isoforms of NPAS3 are known to exist.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

The FERM and PDZ domain containing (FRMPD) protein family consists of four proteins that contain a FERM (Four-point-one, erzin, radixin, moesin) domain and at least one PDZ (PSD-95/Discs large/Zonula-occuldens-1) domain. FRMPD2 also contains an N-terminal KIND domain and three PDZ domains and is structurally similar to the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP-BL. FRMPD2 is localized in a polarized fashion in epithelial cells at the basolateral membrane and partially co-localizes with the tight-junction marker protein Zonula-occuldens-1. Suppression of FRMPD2 expression via RNAi in Caco-2 cells results in an impairment of tight junction formation, indicating that FRMPD2 plays a major role in tight junction formation. Other experiments indicate that FRMPD2 is a binding partner to several catenin family members and recruitment of FRMPD2 to cell-cell contacts is dependent on E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion.

Supplier: Prosci

LSD1 Antibody: Histone modifications mediate changes in gene expression by altering chromatin structure or by serving as a platform to recruit other proteins. LSD1 is a recently discovered amine oxidase that catalyzes the lysine-specific demethylation of histone proteins via an FAD-dependent oxidative reaction. Methylation on histone H3-K9 is thought to play an important role in heterochromatin formation, while methylation on arginine and some lysine residues (such as H3-K4) is associated with active transcription. LSD1 associates with various proteins, including HDAC1/2, CoREST, and BHC80, that act to regulate LSD1 activity in vivo, and in a histone H3-K4-specific methylase complex that is involved in transcriptional regulation. Experiments have shown that CoREST, a SANT domain-containing corepressor acts to enhance LSD1 activity, while BHC80, a PHD domain-containing protein, inhibits CoREST/LSD1 activity in vitro. LSD1-mediated histone demethylation thus may have significant effects on gene expression.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Apoptosis is related to many diseases and development. Members in the Bcl-2 family are critical regulators of apoptosis by either inhibiting or promoting cell death. Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3) domain is a potent death domain. BH3-only proteins, including Bad, Bid, Bik, Hrk, Bim, Noxa, and PUMA, form a growing subclass of the Bcl-2 family. A novel BH3-only protein was recently identified in human and mouse and designated Bmf (for Bcl-2-modifing factor). The BH3 domain in Bmf is required both for binding to Bcl-2 proteins and for triggering apoptosis. In healthy cells, Bmf associates with the dynein light chain 2 (DLC2) component of the myosin V motors and is sequestered by the cell's actin cytoskeleton. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton, either by depolymerization of actin filaments or by detachment of cells from the extracellular matrix, triggers release and activation of Bmf, initiating the downstream apoptotic program. Bmf is constitutively expressed in many tissues.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Adipose tissue of an organism plays a major role in regulating physiologic and pathologic processes such as metabolism and immunity by producing and secreting a variety of bioactive molecules termed adipokines. One highly conserved family of adipokines is adiponectin/ACRP30 and its structural and functional paralogs, the C1q/tumor necrosis factor-alpha-related proteins (CTRPs) 1-7. Unlike adiponectin, which is expressed exclusively by differentiated adipocytes, the CTRPs are expressed in a wide variety of tissues. These proteins are thought to act mainly on liver and muscle tissue to control glucose and lipid metabolism. An analysis of the crystal structure of adiponectin revealed a structural and evolutionary link between TNF and C1q-containing proteins, suggesting that these proteins arose from a common ancestral innate immunity gene. In obese (ob/ob) mice, RT-PCR analysis showed that mCTRP1 transcripts are seen at substantially higher levels in adipose tissues compared to those of normal mice.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

SLIT and NTRK-like family 1 (Slitrk1) is a member a protein family consisting of six homologous transmembrane proteins (Slitrk1-6) that share two conserved leucine-rich repeat domains in the extracellular domain and have significant homology to Slit, a secreted axonal growth-controlling protein. These proteins are also homologous to trk neurotrophin receptors in their intracellular domains. Expression of Slitrk proteins is highly restricted to neural and brain tumor tissues, but varies within the family. For example, Slitrk1 is expressed primarily in mature neurons. Overexpression of Slitrk1 in transfected neuronal cells induced unipolar neurites, while expression of the other Slitrk proteins inhibited neurite outgrowth, suggesting that these proteins are involved in the control of neurite outgrowth. While Slitrk1 variants have been suggested associated with Tourette's Syndrome, it is thought to play only a minor role if at all.

Supplier: Prosci

Avian Influenza Hemagglutinin 3 Antibody: Influenza A virus is a major public health threat, killing more than 30, 000 people per year in the USA. Novel influenza virus strains caused by genetic drift and viral recombination emerge periodically to which humans have little or no immunity, resulting in devastating pandemics. Influenza A can exist in a variety of animals; however it is in birds that all subtypes can be found. These subtypes are classified based on the combination of the virus coat glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtypes. During 1997, an H5N1 avian influenza virus was determined to be the cause of death in 6 of 18 infected patients in Hong Kong. There was some evidence of human to human spread of this virus, but it is thought that the transmission efficiency was fairly low. HA interacts with cell surface proteins containing oligosaccharides with terminal sialyl residues. Virus isolated from a human infected with the H5N1 strain in 1997 could bind to oligosaccharides from human as well as avian sources, indicating its species-jumping ability.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Apoptosis is related to many diseases and induced by a family of cell death receptors and their ligands. Cell death signals are transduced by death domain (DD)-containing adapter molecules and members of the ICE/CED-3 protease family. Caspases-8 (FLICE) and -10 (FLICE2) are two pivotal members in the ICE/CED-3 protease family. FLICE-inhibitory proteins were identified in virus and human and designated v-FLIPs and c-FLIPs, respectively. The human FLIPs were also cloned by several labs independently and termed Casper, I-FLICE, FLAME-1, CASH, CLARP and usurpin. FLIP contains two death effector domains (DEDs) and a caspase-like domain. FLIP interacts with adapter protein FADD and caspase-8 and 10, and potently inhibits apoptosis induced by all known death receptors CD95, DR3, TRAIL-R and TNFR1. Four splice variants of c-FLIPs have been identified and termed FLIPalpha, beta, gamma, and delta, respectively.

Supplier: Prosci

PAK2 Antibody: The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are serine-threonine kinases that bind to the active forms of Cdc42 and Rac. They are divided into two groups, the first of which include PAK1, 2 and 3, and can be activated by Cdc42/Rac binding. Group 1 PAKs contain an autoinhibitory domain whose activity is regulated by Cdc42/Rac binding. The group 1 PAKs are known to be involved in cellular processes such as gene transcription, apoptosis, and cell morphology and motility. Much less is known about the second group, which includes PAK4, 5 and 6, and are not activated by Cdc42/Rac binding. Of the six PAK proteins, only PAK2 is ubiquitously expressed and cleaved by caspase-3. This cleavage removes the amino-terminal regulatory domain and generates a constitutively active kinase fragment. Recent experiments have shown that following cleavage, the active fragment is myristoylated and directed to the plasma membrane and membrane ruffles where it promotes cell death via increased signaling through the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway, but without compromising mitochondrial integrity.

Supplier: Prosci

Avian Influenza Nonstructural Protein 1 Antibody: Influenza A virus is a major public health threat, killing more than 30, 000 people per year in the USA. Novel influenza virus strains caused by genetic drift and viral recombination emerge periodically to which humans have little or no immunity, resulting in devastating pandemics. Influenza A can exist in a variety of animals; however, it is in birds that all subtypes, including the so-called "avian flu" or H5N1, can be found. These subtypes are classified based on the combination of the virus coat glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtypes. One of the less studied proteins encoded by, but not incorporated in, the influenza virus is the nonstructural protein (NS) 1. NS1 counters cellular antiviral activities and acts as a virulence factor. It can bind to double-stranded RNA and sequester it from 2'-5'OAS, preventing the activation of the RNAse L, which normally acts to degrade RNA and prevent virus replication. NS1 also binds to and inhibits the anti-viral protein kinase PKR.

Supplier: Prosci

TSC2 Antibody: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant tumor syndrome caused by mutations in either of the TSC1 or TSC2 tumor suppressor genes. The products of these genes form a protein complex that indirectly decreases the signaling of the mammalian Target of Rapamycin (TOR), an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase that regulates cell growth and cell cycle through its ability to integrate signals from nutrient levels and growth factors. TOR activity is stimulated by Rheb, a member of the Ras superfamily of G-proteins, when the GTP/GDP ratio bound to Rheb is high. Immunoprecipitated TSC1/TSC2 has been shown to stimulate Rheb GTPase activity in vitro, suggesting that the TSC1/TSC2 complex decreases the ability of Rheb to stimulate TOR activity. This is supported by experiments showing that overexpression of TSC1 and TSC2 results in a significant decrease in the GTP/GDP ratio bound to Rheb and the inhibition of cell growth. At least three isoforms of TSC2 exist.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

The E. coli AlkB protein protects against the cytotoxicity of methylating agents by repair of the specific DNA lesions generated in single-stranded DNA; ALKBH2 and ALKBH3 are mammalian homologs of AlkB that catalyze the removal of 1-methyladenine and 3-methylcytosine, modifications that left unchecked could lead to cancerous cells. Mutations in both ALKBH2 and ALKBH3 have been observed in pediatric brain tumors indicating that these proteins are important in the prevention of cancer formation. Like the histone demethylase JMJD1A, ALKBH2 is a non-heme iron enzyme that is inhibited by Nickel ions, suggesting that inhibition of ALKBH2 by Nickel ions may play a role in the development of cancer. Conversely, ALKBH2 mRNA and protein levels are increased glioma cells following Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy, an adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment, suggesting that down-regulating ALKBH2 expression in cancer cells may enhance the anti-cancer effectiveness of this treatment.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Adhesion to extracellular matrix regulates cell survival through both integrin engagement and appropriate cell spreading. Anoikis is the molecular mechanism of apop-tosis induced by integrin detachment. Amino-terminal enhancer of split (AES) is a member of the Groucho/ transducin-like enhancer of split (TLE) family of transcriptional regulators, a group of transcriptional co-repressors that play important roles in neurogenesis, segmentation, and sex determination. AES forms a complex with Bit1 (Bcl-2 inhibitor of transcription 1), a mitochondrial protein that is released into the cytoplasm upon onset of apoptosis. It has been suggested that this complex turns off a survival-promoting gene transcription program controlled by the TLE protein family. Interestingly, apoptosis of cells transfected with AES and Bit1 could be inhibited if the cells were allowed to attach to fibronectin through the alpha5beta1 integrin suggesting that the Bit1-AES pathway contributing to anoikis is regulated by integrins, and in particular, the alpha5beta1 integrin.

Supplier: Prosci

West Nile Virus Envelope Antibody: West Nile Virus (WNV) is a member of the Flaviviridae, a plus-stranded virus family that includes St. Louis encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, and Dengue virus. WNV was initially isolated in 1937 in the West Nile region of Uganda and has become prevalent in Africa, Asia, and Europe. It has rapidly spread across the United States with cases being observed in every continental state. Virus particles consist of a dense core made up of the core/capsid protein encapsulating the RNA genome surrounded by a membrane envelope embedded with envelope and matrix proteins. While the viral core protein is thought to contribute to the WNV-associated inflammation via apoptosis induced though the caspase-9 pathway, the highly glycosylated envelope protein plays a major role for WNV entry into target cells as this entry can be inhibited by using a recombinant domain III from the envelope glycoprotein. The WNV receptor has recently been identified as alpha v beta 3 integrin.

Supplier: Prosci

West Nile Virus Matrix Antibody: West Nile Virus (WNV) is a member of the Flaviviridae, a plus-stranded virus family that includes St. Louis encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, and Dengue virus. WNV was initially isolated in 1937 in the West Nile region of Uganda and has become prevalent in Africa, Asia, and Europe. It has rapidly spread across the United States with cases being observed in every continental state. Virus particles consist of a dense core made up of the core/capsid protein encapsulating the RNA genome surrounded by a membrane envelope embedded with envelope and matrix proteins. However, when the viruses are inside of infected cells, the matrix protein exists in its "pre-M" form as a heterodimer with the envelope proteins. Cleavage of the "pre-M" protein to its mature form occurs during release of the virus; this cleavage leas to the dissociation of the heterodimers. The WNV receptor has recently been identified as alpha v beta 3 integrin.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

The innate immune system detects viral infection by recognizing various viral components and triggers antiviral responses. Like the toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), the melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) recognizes double-stranded (ds) RNA, a molecular pattern associated with viral infection. MDA5, a member of the DEAD/DEAH-box RNA helicase family, consists of an amino-terminal caspase recruitment domain (CARD) and a carboxyl-terminal RNA helicase domain similar to that of the related protein RIG-1. When stimulated by dsRNA, MDA5 recruits the adaptor protein VISA and ultimately causes the activation of IRF-3 and NF-kB. MDA5 and RIG-1 recognize different types of dsRNA, with MDA5 recognizing poly (I:C). MDA5-null mice were highly susceptible to infection with picornaviruses, which possess such sequences, demonstrating the importance of MDA5 in innate immunity.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Nanos is a zinc-finger containing, RNA-binding protein that has been implicated in germ cell development in both invertebrates and vertebrates. In Drosophila, Nanos represses apoptosis during development to ensure proper germ-line development. Unlike Nanos1 whose expression in mice is dispensable, the Nanos2 and Nanos3 proteins are required for germ cell development. Nanos2-null primordial germ cells (PGCs) die only in the male gonads and show no defects in females, while Nanos3-null PGCs are lost during the migration stage regardless of sex. Nanos2 and Nanos3 have distinct expression patterns during embryo development, suggesting that these two proteins do not have redundant functions. However, expression of Nanos2 can at least partially replace Nanos3 function in a Nanos3-null background. Nanos3 expression can not rescue Nanos2-null defects. This Nanos2 antibody will not cross-react with either Nanos 1 or Nanos3.

Supplier: Rockland Immunochemical

Nanos1 is one of three known mammalian homologs to the Drosophila gene nanos. Nanos1 is an RNA-binding protein containing a zinc-finger motif and is expressed in the developing nervous system and continues in the adult brain. Interestingly, unlike mice deficient in either nanos2 or nanos3, mice lacking the nanos1 gene develop normally with no sign of abnormalities. Recently it has been found that expression of nanos1 mRNA is down-regulated by E-cadherin in a human breast cancer cell line and the amino-terminal domain on Nanos1 interacts with the E-cadherin-binding protein p120ctn. Furthermore, overexpression of Nanos1 in human colorectal DLD1 cancer cells functionally abolished cell-cell adhesion, allowing the cancer cells to develop strong migratory and invasive properties. These results suggest that targeting Nanos1 might prove an effective strategy in the treatment of E-cadherin-negative tumors.