303 Results for: "Shenandoah Biotechnology"

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Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) is an inflammatory cytokine secreted by macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, T cells, and NK-cells following stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TNFa signal activation occurs through two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2. TNFR1 is expressed on most cell types, unlike TNFR2, which is expressed mainly on immune cells. TNFa functions to stimulate phagocytosis in macrophages, chemoattract neutrophils, increase insulin resistance, and induce fever.

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Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is a type II interferon that is critical during adaptive and innate immune responses to infection. IFNγ is produced by T cells and natural killer cells following antigen-specific activation. IFNγ binds IFNγ receptors (IFNγR1 and IFNγR2), which are expressed on most immune cells, to activate the JAK-STAT pathway. IFNγ-induced signaling increases the expression of class 1 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Mouse IFNγ is not cross-reactive with human IFNγ.

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Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is an important regulator of cell growth, proliferation, and angiogenesis. PDGF synthesis is induced by IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a, TGF-b and EGF signaling. PDGF functions as a mitogenic growth hormone on cells of mesenchymal lineage, such as smooth muscle and glial cells. PDGF is also stored in the alpha-granules of platelets and is released upon adherence to traumatized tissues. PDGF is a dimeric glycoprotein formed by two A chains (AA), two B chains (BB), or as a heterodimer with an A and a B chain (AB). The PDGF dimer binds the cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases PDGFR-a and PDGFR-b.

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Growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5) is a member of the bone morphogenic protein (BMP) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) families and functions to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation in embryonic and adult tissues. GDF-5 is expressed in the central nervous system and promotes the survival of dopaminergic neurons in animal models of Parkinson's disease. GDF-5 is also important during chondrogenesis and chondrocyte differentiation.

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Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) is a mitogen and survival factor for nerve and mesenchymal cells. FGF9 functions as an autocrine and paracrine factor to support the growth and survival of motor neurons and prostate tissue. FGF9 expression in the gonad is also necessary for sex determination.

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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pro-inflammatory lymphokine that functions during cell-mediated immmunity. It promotes fibroblast migration by inducing interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. In interferon-gamma-activated macrophages, MIF stimulates nitric oxide (NO) production and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) secretion.

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Interleukin-19 (IL-19) is a member of the interleukin 10 (IL-10) cytokine family and is produced by B cells and monocytes. It binds the interleukin 20 receptor complex (IL-20R) to activate STAT3 signaling. It induces interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) expression in monocytes, and promotes type 2 T helper (Th2) cell-mediated immune responses. Its production is upregulated in resting monocytes following granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.

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Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a growth factor that stimulates the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of epithelial and epidermal cells. EGF contains three intramolecular disulfide bonds and binds in high affinity to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).

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Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a neurotrophic factor that signals through a multicomponent receptor system to activate receptor tyrosine kinase RET signaling. GDNF promotes dopamine uptake, prevents motor neuron apoptosis, and supports the survival and differentiation of neurons.

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Growth regulated protein gamma (GRO-gamma), also called CXCL3, acts through the chemokine receptor CXCR2 to promote monocyte migration and adhesion. GRO-gamma also induces the migration of cerebellar granule neuron precursor cells.

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Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is a type II interferon that is critical during adaptive and innate immune responses to infection. IFNγ is produced by T cells and natural killer cells following antigen-specific activation. IFNγ binds IFNγ receptors (IFNγR1 and IFNγR2), which are expressed on most immune cells, to activate the JAK-STAT pathway. IFNγ-induced signaling increases the expression of class 1 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.

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Interleukin 17E (IL-17E), also known as IL-25, is a member of the IL-17 family of cytokines. IL-17E binds to the IL-17BR receptor to stimulate the secretion of the proinflammatory interleukin 8 (IL-8) chemokine and to induce the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB).

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Mouse leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a member of the interleukin 6 (IL-6) family that is made by a variety of adult and embryonic tissues. LIF signals through the glycoprotein 130 (gp130)/LIF receptor (LIFR) heterodimer to activate STAT3 and MAPK signaling. LIF functions during hematopoietic differentiation, neuronal cell differentiation, kidney development, and inflammatory processes. The application of mouse LIF to long-term culture systems promotes mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell self-renewal and pluripotency, similar to the functional activity of bFGF (FGF2) in human ES cell culture systems.

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Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 3 (EBI3), is a secreted glycoprotein belonging to the hematopoietin receptor family related to the p40 subunit of interleukin 12 (IL-12). EBI3 expression is induced in B-lymphocytes in response to Epstein-Barr virus infection.  EBI3 forms heterodimers with p28 to form interleukin 27 (IL-27), and with p35 to form interleukin 35 (IL-35).  Both IL-27 and IL-35 have anti-inflammatory and regulatory activity. 

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Interleukin-19 (IL-19) is a member of the interleukin 10 (IL-10) cytokine family and is produced by B cells and monocytes. IL-19 binds the interleukin 20 receptor complex (IL-20R) to activate STAT3 signaling. IL-19 induces interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) expression in monocytes, and promotes T helper 2 (Th2) cell-mediated immune responses. IL-19 production is up-regulated in resting monocytes following granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.

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Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor that is widely produced by a variety of cells. M-CSF stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into monocyte and macrophage cell types. M-CSF also acts through the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) to modulate processes involved in immunology, bone metabolism, fertility, and pregnancy. Human M-CSF shows activity on mouse cells; however, mouse CSF shows no activity on human cells.

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Interleukin 5 (IL-5) is a hematopoietic growth factor that is expressed in type 2 T helper (Th2) cells, mast cells, and eosinophils. IL-5 acts through the IL-5 receptor (IL-5R), stimulates B cell growth, and mediates eosinophil activation. IL-5 expression is regulated by the GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) transcription factor. Human and mouse IL-5 show cross-reactivity.

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Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor that is widely produced by a variety of cells. M-CSF stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into monocyte and macrophage cell types. M-CSF also acts through the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) to modulate processes involved in immunology, bone metabolism, fertility, and pregnancy. Human M-CSF shows activity on mouse cells; however, mouse CSF shows no activity on human cells.

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Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages and type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. IL-10 inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFNƴ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 3 (IL-3), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), made by macrophages and regulatory T cells. IL-10 also suppresses antigen presentation on antigen presenting cells, and enhances the survival, proliferation, and antibody production of B cells. Mouse IL-10 is not active on human cells.

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Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) is a growth factor that is important during embryonic development, especially during lung, limb, brain, heart, and kidney morphogenesis. FGF10 is expressed in mesenchymal cells and facilitates epithelial-mesenchymal signaling through binding the epithelially expressed FGF receptor 2b (FGFR2b). FGF10 also functions as a mitogen for keratinizing epidermal cells, and induces the migration and invasion of cancer cells.

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Leptin is a hormone that is produced by adipose tissue and plays critical roles in the physiologic regulation of body weight. Leptin acts through the leptin receptor (LEPR) to regulate adipose mass by inhibiting hunger and balancing energy usage. Leptin mutations cause severe hereditary obesity and hypogonadism in rodents and humans. Leptin also has thermogenic actions, regulates enzymes of fatty acid oxidation, and is involved in hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, wound healing, inflammation, and immune responses.

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Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a cytokine secreted from type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. IL-13 has overlapping functions with interleukin 4 (IL-4), including the induction of immunoglobulin E (IgE) secretion from B cells, and the inhibition of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) inflammatory cytokine expression. IL-13 also regulates immune cell inflammation in response to the pathophysiological changes of surrounding non-immune cells. The IL-13 receptor consists of the IL-4Ra and IL-13Ra1 subunits. IL-13 can also bind the IL-13Ra2 receptor with high affinity. IL-13 functions are mediated through the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Human and mouse IL-13 are cross-reactive.

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The p28 subunit of interleukin 27 (IL-27), also known as interleukin 30 (IL-30), is a member of the interleukin 12 (IL-12) family of cytokines. p28 is a 28 kilodalton polypeptide that associates with the Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 3 (EBI3) to form the IL-27 cytokine heterodimer complex. IL-27 functions as a proinflammatory cytokine that induces immunomodulatory effects in naïve CD4+ T cells, mast cells, and monocytes. p28 can also form a complex with cytokine-like factor 1 (CLF), that is secreted by dendritic cells, to regulate natural killer (NK) and T cell function.

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Oncostatin M (OSM) is a cytokine that is produced by macrophages, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes during inflammatory events. The Type-I and Type-II OSM receptors are located on the cell surface of endothelial and tumor cells, contain the glycoprotein 130 (gp130) subunit, and activate the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. OSM functions to inhibit tumor cell proliferation, induce liver stem cell maturation, regulate cytokine production during hematopoiesis and inflammation, stimulate bone formation, and promote nervous system development.

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Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a cytokine that functions as a potent inducer of neutrophilic granulocyte proliferation, terminal differentiation, and activation. G-CSF synthesis occurs in monocyte, macrophage, epithelial, endothelial, and fibroblast cells after activation by bacterial endotoxins, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 1 (IL-1), or interleukin 17 (IL-17). The functional activity of G-CSF is mediated through the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSF-R) to activate JAK/STAT and MAPK signal transduction pathways. G-CSF also promotes neurogenesis and inhibits neuronal apoptosis. Human and mouse G-CSF proteins are cross-reactive.

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Leptin is a hormone that is produced by adipose tissue and plays critical roles in the physiologic regulation of body weight. Leptin acts through the leptin receptor (LEPR) to regulate adipose mass by inhibiting hunger and balancing energy usage. Leptin mutations cause severe hereditary obesity and hypogonadism in rodents and humans. Leptin also has thermogenic actions, regulates enzymes of fatty acid oxidation, and is involved in hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, wound healing, inflammation, and immune responses.

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Interleukin 17A (IL-17A), also known as CTLA-8, is a member of the IL-17 family of proteins. IL-17A is proinflammatory cytokine that is secreted by activated CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. IL-17A acts through its receptor, IL-17R, to promote increased cytokine and chemokine secretion. In turn, the cytokines and chemokines mediate the immunoregulatory function of IL-17A by promoting the proliferation, maturation, and chemoattraction of neutrophils to inflammatory sites.  Elevated levels of IL-17A are associated with rheumatoid arthritis, airway inflammation, allograft rejection, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, cancer, and multiple sclerosis.  Human, mouse, and rat IL-17A show activity on mouse cells. 

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Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a cytokine that is expressed by T cells, macrophages, and muscle cells. IL-6 acts to stimulate an immune response upon infection or trauma. IL-6 has both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions, is capable of promoting fever, and signals through the cell-surface type I cytokine receptor complex containing the IL-6Ra and gp130 chains.

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Monocyte chemotactic protein 4 (MCP-4), also called CCL13, is induced by inflammatory proteins such as interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa). MCP-4 is a ligand for the G protein coupled chemokine receptors CCR2, CCR3, and CCR5. MCP-4 activates signaling in monocytes, T lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils during inflammation and allergic responses.

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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pro-inflammatory lymphokine that functions during cell-mediated immmunity. MIF promotes fibroblast migration by inducing interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. In interferon-gamma-activated macrophages, MIF stimulates nitric oxide (NO) production and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) secretion.