303 Results for: "Shenandoah Biotechnology"

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Monocyte chemotactic protein 3 (MCP-3), also called CCL7, is produced by macrophages and tumor cell lines. MCP-3 signals through the G protein-coupled receptors CCR1, CCR2, and CCR3. MCP-3 chemoattracts monocytes and regulates macrophage function during inflammation and metastasis.

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Stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1α), also called CXCL12a, is one of two SDF-1 splice variants made by a wide variety of cells upon stimulation by inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factors (TNF), interleukin 1 (IL-1), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). SDF-1α signals through the G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4 to recruit activated leukocytes. Human and mouse SDF-1α share 99% sequence identity.

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Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is a member of the IL-1 cytokine family and is constitutively expressed in smooth muscle and airway epithelial cells. IL-33 signals through the interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 (IL-1R1) and interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP) receptors to ativate NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. IL-33 functions to induce type 2 cytokine production in polarized Type 2 T helper (Th2) cells.

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Macrophage inflammatory protein-3 beta (MIP-3-beta), also called CCL19, is a chemokine that is expressed in the thymus, lymph nodes, and activated bone marrow stromal cells. MIP-3-beta signals through the G protein-coupled receptor CCR7 to regulate normal lymphocyte recirculation. MIP-3-beta also functions during T cell trafficking to the thymus, and in T cell and B cell homing to the lymph nodes and secondary lymphoid organs.

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Chemerin is a chemoattractant adipokine that is expressed in white adipose, liver, skin, and lung tissues. Chemerin is a ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor chemokine-like receptor 1 (ChemR23), which is expressed on dendritic cells, macrophages, and adipocytes. Chemerin functions to recruit macrophages to sites of tissue damage and inflammation. Chemerin is also a regulator of glucose metabolism in the liver. Due to the roles of chemerin during metabolism and inflammation, it may be a key factor in obesity-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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Leptin is a hormone that is produced by adipose tissue and plays critical roles in the physiologic regulation of body weight. Leptin acts through the leptin receptor (LEPR) to regulate adipose mass by inhibiting hunger and balancing energy usage. Leptin mutations cause severe hereditary obesity and hypogonadism in rodents and humans. Leptin also has thermogenic actions, regulates enzymes of fatty acid oxidation, and is involved in hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, wound healing, inflammation, and immune responses.

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Fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) is a secreted growth factor that is predominantly expressed during bone morphogenesis and embryonic limb development. FGF4 is an important growth regulator for stem cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. FGF4 contains a single N-linked glycosylation signal. However, in-vitro studies suggest that unglycosylated FGF4 is cleaved into 13 kDa and 15 kDa truncated proteins that have greater biological activity than the wild type 19 kDa FGF4 protein. Human FGF4 shares high homology and is cross-reactive with mouse FGF4.

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Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a growth factor that is produced by the liver. IGF-1 production is stimulated by growth hormone (GH). IGF-I binds the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) and the insulin receptor to stimulate systemic body growth. IGF-I is one of the most potent activators of the AKT signaling pathway, which stimulates cell proliferation and inhibits programmed cell death. Mature human IGF-I is 100% homologous to bovine and porcine IGF-1 proteins.

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Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a hematopoietic cytokine produced in several tissues including the heart, liver and prostate. TSLP induces the release of T-cell attracting chemokines from monocytes, and regulates the maturation of myeloid and epidermal dendritic cells. TSLP signals through a heterodimeric receptor complex containing the TSLP receptor (TSLP-R/CRLF2) and IL-7R alpha chain.

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Interferon-alpha 2a (IFN-α2a) is a type I interferon made by leukocytes during viral infection. The JAK-STAT pathway mediates the antiviral and anti-cell proliferation activities of IFN-α2a. IFN-α proteins are widely used as standard treatments during antiviral and antineoplastic therapies. The IFN-α2a variant differs from IFN-α2b by one amino acid.

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Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is produced by a wide variety of cell types, including tumor and vascular cells. VEGF-A is a mediator of vascular growth, vascular permeability, and plays a role in stimulating vasodilation via nitric oxide-dependent pathways. VEGF-A has several alternatively spliced isoforms, with VEGF-165 being the most abundant. The VEGF-165 isoform is a secreted protein that acts on receptors VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 to modulate endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis.

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Interleukin 9 (IL-9) is a cytokine produced by type 2 T helper (Th2) cells and regulates hematopoietic cells. IL-9 signals through the interleukin 9 receptor (IL9R) to activate STAT signaling. IL-9 functions to induce cell proliferation, prevent cell apoptosis, and is associated with asthma and airway hyperresponsiveness.

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Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages and type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. IL-10 inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFNg), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 3 (IL-3), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), made by macrophages and regulatory T cells. IL-10 also suppresses antigen presentation on antigen presenting cells, and enhances the survival, proliferation, and antibody production of B cells. Human IL-10 can act on murine cells, while murine IL-10 is not active on human cells.

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CD40 Ligand (CD40L), or CD154, is a membrane glycoprotein and differentiation antigen that is expressed on the surface of T cells, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, platelets, dendritic cells, and endothelial cells. CD40L binds and activates the CD40 receptor on antigen-presenting cells. CD40L stimulates B cell proliferation, immunoglobulin class switching, and antibody secretion. CD40L also induces cytokine production and tumoricidal activity in peripheral blood monocytes. CD40L is a co-stimulator of activated T cell proliferation and inflammatory protein production.

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Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a cytokine that is expressed by T cells, macrophages, and muscle cells. IL-6 acts to stimulate an immune response upon infection or trauma. IL-6 has both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions, is capable of promoting fever, and signals through the cell-surface type I cytokine receptor complex containing the IL-6Ra and gp130 chains. Human IL-6 is active on mouse and rat cells.

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Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT-3 ligand) is a growth factor that regulates hematopoietic cell proliferation. FLT-3 ligand signalling is transmitted through the fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT-3) receptor. FLT-3 ligand promotes the long-term expansion and differentiation of pro-B cells in the presence of interleukin 7 (IL-7,) or in combination of IL-7 and interleukin 3 (IL-3). Human FLT-3 ligand is active on mouse cells.

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Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is hematopoietic growth factor produced by endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, and T cells. GM-CSF stimulates the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells. GM-CSF promotes immune system development and regulates neutrophil function during infection.

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Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is an inducer of cell-mediated immunity and is produced by dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells after antigen stimulation. IL-12 functions to promote naïve T cell differentiation into the type 1 T helper cell (Th1) lineage. IL-12 also stimulates the production of interferon gamma (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) from T cells and natural killer cells. Mouse IL-12 is active on human and mouse cells.

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Follistatin is an autocrine, activin-binding protein that is ubiquitously expressed with highest expression levels being in the ovary and skin. Follistatin negatively regulates the signaling of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family members, such as activin, bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), myostatin, growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF-11), and TGF-β1. Follistatin functions as an antagonist by binding TGF-β family members to block interaction with their signaling receptors. Follistatin also inhibits the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary.

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Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a growth factor that is produced by the liver. IGF-1 production is stimulated by growth hormone (GH). IGF-I binds the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) and the insulin receptor to stimulate systemic body growth. IGF-I is one of the most potent activators of the AKT signaling pathway, which stimulates cell proliferation and inhibits programmed cell death.

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Interleukin 20 (IL-20) is structurally related to interleukin 10 (IL-10) and is produced by keratinocytes and monocytes. IL-20 acts through the STAT3 signaling pathway to regulate the proliferation of keratinocytes during epidermal inflammation.

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Nerve growth factor beta (beta-NGF) is a neurotrophic factor that is important for the development and maintenance of sensory and sympathetic neurons. beta-NGF signals through the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR) and the tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) to activate PI3K, Ras, and PLC signaling pathways. beta-NGF is also involved in the growth, differentiation, and survival of B lymphocytes. Human, mouse, and rat beta-NGF proteins are cross-reactive.

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Mouse SCF recombinant protein, Purity: >/=95%, Source: Genetically modified E.coli, MW: Monomer, 18.4 kDa (165 aa), Endotoxin: /=5.0 x 10power 4 units/mg, Synonym: c-Kit Ligand, KL, Steel Factor, MGF, Size: 100UG

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Monocyte chemotactic protein 3 (MCP-3), also called CCL7, is produced by macrophages and tumor cell lines. MCP-3 signals through the G protein-coupled receptors CCR1, CCR2, and CCR3. MCP-3 chemoattracts monocytes and regulates macrophage function during inflammation and metastasis.

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Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a neurotrophic factor that signals through a multicomponent receptor system to activate receptor tyrosine kinase RET signaling. GDNF promotes dopamine uptake, prevents motor neuron apoptosis, and supports the survival and differentiation of neurons.

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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a nerve growth factor that binds two receptors, the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR) and the tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), to support neuron growth and survival. BDNF expression in the hippocampus is essential for long-term memory storage and learning. Human, mouse, rat, and pig BDNF are cross-reactive.

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Resistin-like molecule-gamma (RELM-γ) is a member of the RELM family of secreted proteins containing C-terminal cysteines. The RELM family consists of Resistin (FIZZ3), RELM-α (FIZZ1), RELM-β (FIZZ2), and RELM-γ (FIZZ4). RELM-γ is secreted by peripheral blood granulocytes, bone marrow, spleen, intestine, and lung. RELM-γ functions to promote and regulate promyelocytic differentiation, in addition to regulating nutrient-associated insulin sensitivity in the intestinal tract. Rodents secrete all four RELM family members, whereas Resistin and RELM-β are the only RELM family members found in humans.

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Human EG-VEGF recombinant protein, Purity: >/=95%, Source: Genetically modified E.coli, Predicted Molecular weight: Monomer, 9.7 kDa (86 aa), Endotoxin:

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Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages and type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. IL-10 inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFNƴ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 3 (IL-3), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), made by macrophages and regulatory T cells. IL-10 also suppresses antigen presentation on antigen presenting cells, and enhances the survival, proliferation, and antibody production of B cells. Mouse IL-10 is not active on human cells.

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Beta-Defensin 3 (BD-3), also known as DEFB-3, is a member of the defensin class of antimicrobial peptides. Beta defensins exert host defense responses against viruses, bacteria, and fungi through the binding and permeabilizing of microbial membranes. BD-3 expression is stimulated by interferon-gamma and is an important molecule during adaptive immunity. BD-3 functions to activate monocytes and mast cells, and has antibacterial functions towards Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Further, BD-3 blocks human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication through the downregulation of the HIV-1 co-receptor, CXCR4.