303 Results for: "Shenandoah Biotechnology"

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Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a cytokine that is expressed by T cells, macrophages, and muscle cells. IL-6 acts to stimulate an immune response upon infection or trauma. IL-6 has both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions, is capable of promoting fever, and signals through the cell-surface type I cytokine receptor complex containing the IL-6Ra and gp130 chains. Human IL-6 is active on mouse and rat cells.

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Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT-3 ligand) is a growth factor that regulates hematopoietic cell proliferation. FLT-3 ligand signalling is transmitted through the fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT-3) receptor. FLT-3 ligand promotes the long-term expansion and differentiation of pro-B cells in the presence of interleukin 7 (IL-7,) or in combination of IL-7 and interleukin 3 (IL-3). Human FLT-3 ligand is active on mouse cells.

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Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is hematopoietic growth factor produced by endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, and T cells. GM-CSF stimulates the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells. GM-CSF promotes immune system development and regulates neutrophil function during infection.

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Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is an inducer of cell-mediated immunity and is produced by dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells after antigen stimulation. IL-12 functions to promote naïve T cell differentiation into the type 1 T helper cell (Th1) lineage. IL-12 also stimulates the production of interferon gamma (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) from T cells and natural killer cells. Mouse IL-12 is active on human and mouse cells.

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Follistatin is an autocrine, activin-binding protein that is ubiquitously expressed with highest expression levels being in the ovary and skin. Follistatin negatively regulates the signaling of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family members, such as activin, bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), myostatin, growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF-11), and TGF-β1. Follistatin functions as an antagonist by binding TGF-β family members to block interaction with their signaling receptors. Follistatin also inhibits the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary.

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Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a growth factor that is produced by the liver. IGF-1 production is stimulated by growth hormone (GH). IGF-I binds the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) and the insulin receptor to stimulate systemic body growth. IGF-I is one of the most potent activators of the AKT signaling pathway, which stimulates cell proliferation and inhibits programmed cell death.

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Interleukin 20 (IL-20) is structurally related to interleukin 10 (IL-10) and is produced by keratinocytes and monocytes. IL-20 acts through the STAT3 signaling pathway to regulate the proliferation of keratinocytes during epidermal inflammation.

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Nerve growth factor beta (beta-NGF) is a neurotrophic factor that is important for the development and maintenance of sensory and sympathetic neurons. beta-NGF signals through the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR) and the tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) to activate PI3K, Ras, and PLC signaling pathways. beta-NGF is also involved in the growth, differentiation, and survival of B lymphocytes. Human, mouse, and rat beta-NGF proteins are cross-reactive.

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Mouse SCF recombinant protein, Purity: >/=95%, Source: Genetically modified E.coli, MW: Monomer, 18.4 kDa (165 aa), Endotoxin: /=5.0 x 10power 4 units/mg, Synonym: c-Kit Ligand, KL, Steel Factor, MGF, Size: 100UG

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Monocyte chemotactic protein 3 (MCP-3), also called CCL7, is produced by macrophages and tumor cell lines. MCP-3 signals through the G protein-coupled receptors CCR1, CCR2, and CCR3. MCP-3 chemoattracts monocytes and regulates macrophage function during inflammation and metastasis.

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Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a neurotrophic factor that signals through a multicomponent receptor system to activate receptor tyrosine kinase RET signaling. GDNF promotes dopamine uptake, prevents motor neuron apoptosis, and supports the survival and differentiation of neurons.

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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a nerve growth factor that binds two receptors, the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR) and the tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), to support neuron growth and survival. BDNF expression in the hippocampus is essential for long-term memory storage and learning. Human, mouse, rat, and pig BDNF are cross-reactive.

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Resistin-like molecule-gamma (RELM-γ) is a member of the RELM family of secreted proteins containing C-terminal cysteines. The RELM family consists of Resistin (FIZZ3), RELM-α (FIZZ1), RELM-β (FIZZ2), and RELM-γ (FIZZ4). RELM-γ is secreted by peripheral blood granulocytes, bone marrow, spleen, intestine, and lung. RELM-γ functions to promote and regulate promyelocytic differentiation, in addition to regulating nutrient-associated insulin sensitivity in the intestinal tract. Rodents secrete all four RELM family members, whereas Resistin and RELM-β are the only RELM family members found in humans.

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Human EG-VEGF recombinant protein, Purity: >/=95%, Source: Genetically modified E.coli, Predicted Molecular weight: Monomer, 9.7 kDa (86 aa), Endotoxin:

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Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages and type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. IL-10 inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFNƴ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 3 (IL-3), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), made by macrophages and regulatory T cells. IL-10 also suppresses antigen presentation on antigen presenting cells, and enhances the survival, proliferation, and antibody production of B cells. Mouse IL-10 is not active on human cells.

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Beta-Defensin 3 (BD-3), also known as DEFB-3, is a member of the defensin class of antimicrobial peptides. Beta defensins exert host defense responses against viruses, bacteria, and fungi through the binding and permeabilizing of microbial membranes. BD-3 expression is stimulated by interferon-gamma and is an important molecule during adaptive immunity. BD-3 functions to activate monocytes and mast cells, and has antibacterial functions towards Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Further, BD-3 blocks human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication through the downregulation of the HIV-1 co-receptor, CXCR4.

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Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that is produced by lymphocytes.  IL-2 signals through the IL-2R receptor to induce activated T cell proliferation and promote T cell differentiation. IL-2 also stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, and macrophages.

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Resistin-like molecule-beta (RELM-b) is a member of the RELM family of secreted proteins containing conserved C-terminus cysteines. The RELM family consists of Resistin (FIZZ3), RELM-a (FIZZ1), RELM-b (FIZZ2), and RELM-g (FIZZ4). Resistin and RELM-b are the only RELM family members found in humans, whereas all four RELM family members are present in rodents. RELM-b functions to increase fibroblast proliferation and differentiation, resulting in airway remodelling and increased inflammation.

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Interleukin 17F (IL-17F), a member of the IL-17 cytokine family, is secreted by activated CD4+ T cells and monocytes. IL-17F binds the IL-17 receptor related molecule, IL17RC, to promote the production of the interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) cytokines. IL-17F also functions to regulate matrix turnover rates, inhibit endothelial cell angiogenesis, and induce the endoethelial cell expression of interleukin 2 (IL-2), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1).

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Interleukin 17E (IL-17E), also known as IL-25, is a member of the IL-17 family of cytokines. IL-17E binds to the IL-17BR receptor to stimulate the secretion of the proinflammatory interleukin 8 (IL-8) chemokine and to induce the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB).

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Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), also known as FGF2, is expressed by endothelial cells and is a mediator of angiogenesis. bFGF also has cardioprotective functions during heart injury. The application of bFGF is a critical component for embryonic stem cell culture systems and is necessary for maintaining cells in an undifferentiated state. Degredation of the full length bFGF N-terminus results in a truncated bFGF147aa protein, when the protein is isolated from biological sources. The N-terminus extensions influence the localization of bFGF within the cell, but do not affect the biological activity of bFGF. Therefore, there are no detectable differences in biological activity between the full length bFGF-154aa and the truncated bFGF-147aa recombinant proteins.

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Stromal cell-derived factor-1 beta (SDF-1b), also called CXCL12b, is one of two SDF-1 splice variants made by a wide variety of cells upon stimulation by inflammatory cytokines such as TNF, IL-1, and LPS. SDF-1b signals through the G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4 to recruit activated leukocytes.

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Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), also known as FGF2, is expressed by endothelial cells and is a mediator of angiogenesis. bFGF also has cardioprotective functions during heart injury. The application of bFGF is a critical component for embryonic stem cell culture systems and is necessary for maintaining cells in an undifferentiated state. Recombinant bFGF-154aa is the full length bFGF protein encoded by the human FGF2 gene. bFGF-154aa is the most popular tissue culture product at Shenandoah Biotechnology Inc. There are no detectable differences in biological activity between bFGF-154aa and the truncated bFGF-147aa proteins.

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Myostatin (GDF-8), a member of the TGF-beta superfamily, is a potent and negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass. The recombinant myostatin propeptide binds and inhibits myostatin to enhance the repair and regeneration of injured muscle and bone.

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Macrophage inflammatory protein-3 alpha (MIP-3-alpha), also called CCL20, is expressed in the liver, lungs, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood lymphocytes. MIP-3-alpha expression is strongly induced by inflammatory signals, and downregulated by the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). MIP-3-alpha signals through the G protein-coupled receptor CCR6 to function as a chemoattractant to lymphocytes and dendritic cells.

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Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is a member of the IL-1 cytokine family and is constitutively expressed in smooth muscle and airway epithelial cells. IL-33 signals through the interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 (IL-1R1) and interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP) receptors to ativate NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. IL-33 functions to induce type 2 cytokine production in polarized Type 2 helper T (Th2) cells.

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Prolactin (PRL) is a hormone that is produced and secreted by the pituitary gland. PRL acts in an endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine manner. The prolactin receptor (PRLR) is expressed on many cell types, including cells of the reproductive organs, central nervous system, and breast cancer. PRL signal transduction occurs via JAK kinase signaling pathways. The primary function of PRL is to regulate lactation, but PRL also plays functional roles in the immune system and during cell growth, apoptosis, and differentiation.

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Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), also known as FGF2, is expressed by endothelial cells and is a mediator of angiogenesis. bFGF also has cardioprotective functions during heart injury. The application of bFGF is a critical component for embryonic stem cell culture systems and is necessary for maintaining cells in an undifferentiated state. Recombinant bFGF-154aa is the full length bFGF protein encoded by the human FGF2 gene. bFGF-154aa is the most popular tissue culture product at Shenandoah Biotechnology Inc. There are no detectable differences in biological activity between bFGF-154aa and the truncated bFGF-147aa proteins.

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Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that functions to induce naïve helper T cells to differentiate into type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. Th2 cells subsequently produce more IL-4 in a positive feedback loop. IL-4 also promotes immunoglobulin IgG to IgE isotype switching on B cells. IL-4 binds the IL-4Rα receptor to activate STAT6 signaling.

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Visfatin is an adipokine produced by visceral adipose tissue. Visfatin acts as a pro-inflammatory factor for peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and mimics the effects of insulin on adipocytes, monocytes and hepatocytes.