303 Results for: "Shenandoah Biotechnology"

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Acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), also known as FGF1, is a potent inducer of DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, and has chemotactic activities. aFGF regulates cardiogenesis through protein kinase C signaling. aFGF also functions as an insulin sensitizer and mediates adipose tissue remodeling. High serum levels of aFGF are associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), suggesting a pathogenic role of aFGF during T2DM.

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Growth regulated protein alpha (GRO-alpha), also known as CXCL1, is a chemokine that has mitogenic properties and is a neutrophil chemoattractant. GRO-alpha is secreted by macrophages, epithelial cells, neutrophils, and melanomas. GRO-alpha signals through the CXCR2 chemokine receptor and is important during spinal cord formation, inflammation, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and wound healing. 

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Myostatin (GDF-8), a conserved member of the TGF-beta superfamily, is an essential regulator of skeletal muscle mass and cardiac muscle development and function. Myostatin is a secreted protein that negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth by determining muscle fiber number and size. Myostatin binds one of the two activin type II receptors (ACTRIIA, ACTRIIB) to activate SMAD signaling. Myostatin also activates MAPK signaling through TAK1-MKK6 and Ras pathways. Inhibition of myostatin increases muscle mass in a number of human disease animal models, such as muscular dystrophy.

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Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a growth factor that stimulates the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of epithelial and epidermal cells. EGF contains three intramolecular disulfide bonds and binds in high affinity to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EGF is overexpressed in multiple tumor cell lines and promotes resistance to chemotherapy and radiation treatments.

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Interleukin 17AF (IL-17AF) is a heterodimer that is composed of the interleukin 17A (IL-17A) and interleukin 17F (IL-17F) members of the IL-17 family of cytokines. IL-17AF is produced by T helper 17 cells (Th17) following interleukin 23 (IL-23) stimulation. IL-17AF signals through the IL-17RA/IL-17RC receptor complex and functions to regulate inflammatory responses. IL-17AF induces chemokine and airway neutrophilia production, similar in function to IL-17A and IL-17F homodimers. In regard to these functions, IL-17AF is less active than the IL-17A homodimer and shows greater activity than the IL-17F homodimer. Human and rat IL-17AF are active on mouse cells.

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CD40 Ligand (CD40L), or CD154, is a membrane glycoprotein and differentiation antigen that is expressed on the surface of T cells, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, platelets, dendritic cells, and endothelial cells. CD40L binds and activates the CD40 receptor on antigen-presenting cells. CD40L stimulates B cell proliferation, immunoglobulin class switching, and antibody secretion. CD40L also induces cytokine production and tumoricidal activity in peripheral blood monocytes. CD40L is a co-stimulator of activated T cell proliferation and inflammatory protein production.

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Epstein-Barr virus induced gene-3 (EBI3), is a secreted glycoprotein belonging to the hematopoietin receptor family related to the p40 subunit of interleukin 12 (IL-12). EBI3 expression is induced in B-lymphocytes in response to Epstein-Barr virus infection.  EBI3 forms heterodimers with p28 to form interleukin 27 (IL-27), and with p35 to form interleukin 35 (IL-35).  Both IL-27 and IL-35 have anti-inflammatory and regulatory activity. 

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Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B Ligand (RANKL) is a cell-bound marker related to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of proteins. RANKL plays a critical role in bone metabolism and osteoclast differentiation. T cell expression of RANKL promotes dendritic cell maturation.

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Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1-alpha), also known as CCL3, is a cytokine produced by macrophages. MIP-1-alpha binds the chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR4 and CCR5 to induce inflammatory responses, including the recruitment of granulocytes and neutrophil superoxide production. The MIP-1-alpha and MIP-1-beta heterodimer exhibits antiviral activity against the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1).

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Thrombopoietin (TPO) is a growth factor that is produced by liver and kidney tissues. TPO binds the TPO receptor (CD110) to promote megakaryocyte maturation, differentiation, and the production of platelets.

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Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is an important regulator of cell growth, proliferation, and angiogenesis. PDGF synthesis is induced by interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling. PDGF functions as a mitogenic growth hormone on cells of mesenchymal lineage, such as smooth muscle and glial cells. PDGF is also stored in the alpha-granules of platelets and is released upon adherence to traumatized tissues. PDGF is a dimeric glycoprotein formed by two A chains (AA), two B chains (BB), or as a heterodimer with an A and a B chain (AB). The PDGF dimer binds the cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases PDGFR-a and PDGFR-b.

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Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is produced by monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs). IL-1β signals through the IL-1 receptor, type 1 (IL-1R1) to activate the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) signaling pathway, which contains the cytoplasmic Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain adapter. IL-1β and the independently regulated IL-1α protein have overlapping proinflammatory activities to induce adhesion molecule expression on epithelial cells, control fever induction, initiate rheumatoid arthritis, and promote septic shock.

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Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is a member of the common-gamma chain family of cytokines that are involved in immunoregulation. IL-21 is normally expressed by activated CD4+ T cells. The IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) activates the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and is expressed on T, B, and natural killer (NK) cells. Within the B cell lineage, IL-21 is a switch factor regulating IgG1 and IgG3 antibody production. IL-21 also cooperates with interleukin 4 (IL-4) for the production of multiple antibody classes in B cells. IL-21 has pleiotropic effects on the proliferation, differentiation, and effector functions of B, T, NK, and dendritic cells.

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Interleukin 17F (IL-17F), a member of the IL-17 cytokine family, is secreted by activated CD4+ T cells and monocytes. IL-17F binds the IL-17 receptor related molecule, IL17RC, to promote the production of the interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) cytokines. IL-17F also functions to regulate matrix turnover rates, inhibit endothelial cell angiogenesis, and induce the endoethelial cell expression of interleukin 2 (IL-2), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1).

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Interleukin 11 (IL-11) is a member of the gp130 family of cytokines. IL-11 functions to promote hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and megakaryocyte differentiation. In non-hematopoietic cell populations, IL-11 stimulates acute-phase proteins, modulates the development of immunoglobulin-producing B cells, and regulates bone turnover. IL-11 binds the IL-11Ralpha (IL-11Rα) receptor to activate JAK downstream signaling.

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Stem cell factor (SCF) is a cytokine made by fibroblasts and endothelial cells. SCF binds to the receptor c-Kit/CD117 and plays a critical role in the maintenance, survival, and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Human SCF shows no activity on murine cells, but murine and rat SCF are active on human cells.

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Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a cytokine secreted from type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. IL-13 has overlapping functions with interleukin 4 (IL-4), including the induction of immunoglobulin E (IgE) secretion from B cells, and the inhibition of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) inflammatory cytokine expression. IL-13 also regulates immune cell inflammation in response to the pathophysiological changes of surrounding non-immune cells. The IL-13 receptor consists of the IL-4Ra and IL-13Ra1 subunits. IL-13 can also bind the IL-13Ra2 receptor with high affinity. IL-13 functions are mediated through the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Human and mouse IL-13 are cross-reactive.

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Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), or CXCL10, is a chemokine secreted by monocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts in response to interferon gamma (IFN-g). IP-10 functions as a chemoattractant for activated T cells, monocytes, dendritic, and natural killer (NK) cells that express the G protein-coupled receptor CXCR3. IP-10 is an important factor in autoimmune diseases such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, and Type 1 diabetes mellitus.

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Monocyte chemotactic protein 2 (MCP-2), also known as CCL8, is a cytokine that is important during allergic and inflammatory responses. MCP-2 activates mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils through the G protein-coupled chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2B, and CCR5. MCP-2 signaling through the CCR5 receptor also functions as a natural inhibitor of the human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1).

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Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), also known as FGF2, is expressed by endothelial cells and is a mediator of angiogenesis. bFGF also has cardioprotective functions during heart injury. The application of bFGF is a critical component for embryonic stem cell culture systems and is necessary for maintaining cells in an undifferentiated state. Degredation of the full length bFGF N-terminus results in a truncated bFGF147aa protein, when the protein is isolated from biological sources. The N-terminus extensions influence the localization of bFGF within the cell, but do not affect the biological activity of bFGF. Therefore, there are no detectable differences in biological activity between the full length bFGF-154aa and the truncated bFGF-147aa recombinant proteins.

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Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 3 (EBI3) is a secreted glycoprotein belonging to the hematopoietin receptor family related to the p40 subunit of interleukin 12 (IL-12). EBI3 expression is induced in B-lymphocytes in response to Epstein-Barr virus infection.  EBI3 forms heterodimers with p28 to form interleukin 27 (IL-27), and with p35 to form interleukin 35 (IL-35).  Both IL-27 and IL-35 have anti-inflammatory and regulatory activity. 

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Interleukin 31 (IL-31) is an immunoregulatory cytokine that is expressed by activated type 2 T helper (Th2) cells.

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Human IL-17F recombinant protein, Purity: >/=95%, Source: Genetically modified E.coli, Predicted MW: Dimer, 15.0/30.1 kDa (134/268 aa), Endotoxin: /=1.0 x 10power 4 units/mg, Storage: -20 deg C, Size: 25UG

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Mouse IL-7 recombinant protein, Purity: >/=95%, Source: Genetically modified E.coli, MW: Monomer, 15 kDa (130 aa), Endotoxin: /= 1.0 x 10power 6 units/mg, Synonym: Lymphopoietin 1 (LP-1), pre-B cell Factor, Size: 100UG

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Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 2 (MIP-2), also known as CXCL2, is a small cytokine that is secreted by monocytes and neutrophils at sites of inflammation. MIP-2 functions through the chemokine receptor CXCR2 to act as a chemotactic agent for leukocytes and hematopoietic cells.

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Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (MIP-1-beta), also known as CCL4, is produced by macrophages and functions as a mitogen-inducible cytokine. MIP-1-beta signals through the chemokine receptor CCR5 to chemoattract immune cells. MIP-1-beta induces inflammatory responses, including neutrophil superoxide production. The MIP-1-alpha and MIP-1-beta heterodimer exhibits antiviral activity against the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1).

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Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor that is widely produced by a variety of cells. It stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into monocyte and macrophage cell types. It also acts through the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) to modulate processes involved in immunology, bone metabolism, fertility, and pregnancy.

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Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is hematopoietic growth factor produced by endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, and T cells. GM-CSF stimulates the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells. GM-CSF promotes immune system development and regulates neutrophil function during infection. Human and mouse GM-CSF show no cross-reactivity.

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Interleukin 5 (IL-5) is a hematopoietic growth factor that is expressed in type 2 T helper (Th2) cells, mast cells, and eosinophils. It acts through the IL-5 receptor (IL-5R), stimulates B cell growth, and mediates eosinophil activation. Human and mouse IL-5 show cross-reactivity.

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Interleukin-19 (IL-19) is a member of the interleukin 10 (IL-10) cytokine family and is produced by B cells and monocytes. It binds the interleukin 20 receptor complex (IL-20R) to activate STAT3 signaling. It induces interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) expression in monocytes, and promotes type 2 T helper (Th2) cell-mediated immune responses. Its production is upregulated in resting monocytes following granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.