303 Results for: "Shenandoah Biotechnology"

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Stromal cell-derived factor-1 beta (SDF-1β), also called CXCL12b, is one of two SDF-1 splice variants made by a wide variety of cells upon stimulation by inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factors (TNF), interleukin 1 (IL-1), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). SDF-1β signals through the G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4 to recruit activated leukocytes.

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Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), also known as FGF2, is expressed by endothelial cells and is a mediator of angiogenesis. bFGF also has cardioprotective functions during heart injury. bFGF binds heparin in order to signal through fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor tyrosine kinases.

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Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a neurotrophic factor that signals through a multicomponent receptor system to activate receptor tyrosine kinase RET signaling. GDNF promotes dopamine uptake, prevents motor neuron apoptosis, and supports the survival and differentiation of neurons.

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Interleukin 5 (IL-5) is a hematopoietic growth factor that is expressed in type 2 T helper (Th2) cells, mast cells, and eosinophils. IL-5 acts through the IL-5 receptor (IL-5R), stimulates B cell growth, and mediates eosinophil activation. IL-5 expression is regulated by the GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) transcription factor. Human and mouse IL-5 show cross-reactivity.

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Interleukin 29 (IL-29), also known as IFNλ1, is a type III interferon produced by virally infected cells. IL-29 plays an important role in host defenses against microbes and antiviral activity. IL-29 shares homology with interleukin 28 (IL-28) and binds the class II cytokine receptor IL-28R.

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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pro-inflammatory lymphokine that functions during cell-mediated immmunity. It promotes fibroblast migration by inducing interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. In interferon-gamma-activated macrophages, MIF stimulates nitric oxide (NO) production and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) secretion.

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Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) is a mitogen and survival factor for nerve and mesenchymal cells. FGF9 functions as an autocrine and paracrine factor to support the growth and survival of motor neurons and prostate tissue. FGF9 expression in the gonad is also necessary for sex determination.

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Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a neurotrophic factor that promotes the survival of neuronal cell populations, neurite outgrowth, and neurotransmitter synthesis. CNTF also plays an important protective role during nervous system injury.

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Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor that is widely produced by a variety of cells. M-CSF stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into monocyte and macrophage cell types. M-CSF also acts through the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) to modulate processes involved in immunology, bone metabolism, fertility, and pregnancy. Human M-CSF shows activity on mouse cells; however, mouse CSF shows no activity on human cells.

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Epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA-78), also known as CXCL5, is a chemokine that recruits neutrophils, promotes angiogenesis, and stimulates connective tissue remodelling. ENA-78 production is stimulated by interleukin 1 (IL-1) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and signals through the chemokine receptor CXCR2. ENA-78, 5-78aa is one of three naturally occuring ENA-78 variants in which the N-terminus has been truncated.

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B cell-activating factor (BAFF), or B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), is a type II member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. BAFF is expressed as a transmembrane protein on T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. The transmembrane domain of BAFF can also be cleaved to produce a soluble protein fragment. BAFF binds to the TNF receptors known as B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI), and BAFF receptor (BAFFR). BAFF is important for the survival and maturation of peripheral B cells. Human BAFF shows activity on mouse splenocytes.

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Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine hormone that regulates energy homeostasis and exerts cardioprotective functions during heart injury. FGF21 is expressed in the liver, pancreas, heart, and adipose tissues. FGF21 signaling is activated through the FGFR1c receptor and β-Klotho co-receptor. FGF21 is an important regulator of glucose uptake and reduces cell apoptosis under stress conditions.

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Galectin-1 belongs to the lectin family of carbohydrate binding proteins and binds glycans as both a monomer and a homodimer. Galectin-1 is produced in peripheral lymphoid organs and inflammatory sites. Galectin-1 plays important roles in acute and chronic inflammatory processes, cell growth, cell proliferation, and induces apoptosis of activated T cells. Galectin-1 also modulates cytokine secretion and inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

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Interleukin 5 (IL-5) is a hematopoietic growth factor that is expressed in type 2 T helper (Th2) cells, mast cells, and eosinophils. It acts through the IL-5 receptor (IL-5R), stimulates B cell growth, and mediates eosinophil activation. Human and mouse IL-5 show cross-reactivity.

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Exodus-2, also known as CCL21 and 6Ckine, is a chemokine that is strongly produced in the human lymph nodes and spleen.  Exodus-2 signals through the chemokine receptor CCR7 to regulate thymocyte and activated T cell migration, but is not chemotactic for monocytes.  Exodus-2 also mediates the homing of lymphocytes to the lymphatic system.  Human and mouse Exodus-2 share > 85% amino acid identity.

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Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-b1) is a member of the TGF-beta superfamily of cytokines. Members of this family exhibit regulatory activity in immunity, proliferation, adhesion, migration, and growth inhibition pathways. TGF-b1 signals through SMAD proteins via the TGF-bRI and TGF-bRII receptors. 

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Stem cell factor (SCF) is a cytokine made by fibroblasts and endothelial cells. SCF binds to the receptor c-Kit/CD117 and plays a critical role in the maintenance, survival, and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Human SCF shows no activity on murine cells, but murine and rat SCF are active on human cells.

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Omentin is an adipokine that is produced and secreted by the small intestine, visceral adipose tissue, perivascular adipose tissue, and epicardial adipose tissue. Omentin enhances insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes and is a link between obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Omentin also functions as a vasodilator and plays a protective role during coronary atherosclerosis and hypertension.

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Stem cell factor (SCF) is a cytokine made by fibroblasts and endothelial cells. SCF binds to the receptor c-Kit/CD117 and plays a critical role in the maintenance, survival, and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Human SCF shows no activity on murine cells, but murine and rat SCF are active on human cells.

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Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) is an inflammatory cytokine secreted by macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, T cells, and NK-cells following stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TNFα signal activation occurs through two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2. TNFR1 is expressed on most cell types, unlike TNFR2, which is expressed mainly on immune cells. TNFα functions to stimulate phagocytosis in macrophages, chemoattract neutrophils, increase insulin resistance, and induce fever.

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Resistin, also known as adipose tissue-specific secretory factor (ADSF) and FIZZ3, is a peptide hormone belonging to a class of cysteine-rich secreted proteins, termed the resistin-like molecules (RELM) family. Mouse resistin is produced by adipocytes and may be an important link between obesity and insulin resistance.

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Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a heparin-binding growth factor that has mitogenic effects on fibroblast, epithelial, and endothelial cells. PTN is made by many tissues, but is predominantly secreted by nervous tissue during development. PTN induces neurite outgrowth and is involved in tumor growth and metastasis. PTN binds with low affinity to the cell surface receptor nucleolin to inhibit HIV-1 infection. PNT can also binds the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase type Z (PTPRZ), syndecan-3, and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) receptors.

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Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is an important regulator of cell growth, proliferation, and angiogenesis. PDGF synthesis is induced by IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a, TGF-b and EGF signaling. PDGF functions as a mitogenic growth hormone on cells of mesenchymal lineage, such as smooth muscle and glial cells. PDGF is also stored in the alpha-granules of platelets and is released upon adherence to traumatized tissues. PDGF is a dimeric glycoprotein formed by two A chains (AA), two B chains (BB), or as a heterodimer with an A and a B chain (AB). The PDGF dimer binds the cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases PDGFR-a and PDGFR-b.

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Monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG or CXCL9) is a T cell chemoattractant during neuroinflammatory events. CXCL9 production is stimulated by interferon gamma (IFNg) and CXCL9 signals through the chemokine receptor CXCR3.

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Interleukin 3 (IL-3) is a cytokine that is produced by activated T cells and mast cells. IL-3 induces the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into myeloid precursor cells, such as erythrocyte, megakaryocyte, granulocyte, monocyte, and dendritic cells. IL-3 also functions in the nervous system and is important during the B-1 cell regulation of chronic inflammatory diseases.

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Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a neurotrophic factor that signals through a multicomponent receptor system to activate receptor tyrosine kinase RET signaling. GDNF promotes dopamine uptake, prevents motor neuron apoptosis, and supports the survival and differentiation of neurons.

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Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is hematopoietic growth factor produced by endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, and T cells. GM-CSF stimulates the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells. GM-CSF promotes immune system development and regulates neutrophil function during infection. Human and mouse GM-CSF show no cross-reactivity.

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Interleukin 3 (IL-3) is a cytokine that is produced by activated T cells and mast cells. IL-3 induces the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into myeloid precursor cells, such as erythrocyte, megakaryocyte, granulocyte, monocyte, and dendritic cells. IL-3 also functions in the nervous system and is important during the B-1 cell regulation of chronic inflammatory diseases.

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Interleukin 17A (IL-17A), also known as CTLA-8, is a member of the IL-17 family of proteins. IL-17A is proinflammatory cytokine that is secreted by activated CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. IL-17A acts through its receptor, IL-17R, to promote increased cytokine and chemokine secretion. In turn, the cytokines and chemokines mediate the immunoregulatory function of IL-17A by promoting the proliferation, maturation, and chemoattraction of neutrophils to inflammatory sites.  Elevated levels of IL-17A are associated with rheumatoid arthritis, airway inflammation, allograft rejection, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, cancer, and multiple sclerosis.  Human, mouse, and rat IL-17A show activity on mouse cells. 

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Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is a member of the common-gamma chain family of cytokines that are involved in immunoregulation. IL-21 is normally expressed by activated CD4+ T cells and is aberrantly expressed in Hodgkin lymphoma cells. The IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) activates the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and is expressed on T, B, and natural killer (NK) cells. Within the B cell lineage, IL-21 is a switch factor regulating IgG1 and IgG3 antibody production. IL-21 also cooperates with IL-4 for the production of multiple antibody classes in B cells. IL-21 has pleiotropic effects on the proliferation, differentiation, and effector functions of B, T, NK, and dendritic cells.