56340 Results for: "10-aminodec-1-ol"

Supplier: Prosci

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, causing a hyperpolarization of the membrane through the opening of a Cl− channel associated with the GABAA receptor (GABAA-R) subtype. GABAA-Rs are important therapeutic targets for a range of sedative, anxiolytic, and hypnotic agents and are implicated in several diseases including epilepsy, anxiety, depression, and sub-stance abuse. The GABAA-R is a multimeric subunit complex. To date six alphas, four betas and four gammas, plus alternative splicing variants of some of these subunits, have been identified (Olsen and Tobin, 1990; Whiting et al., 1999; Ogris et al., 2004). Injection in oocytes or mammalian cell lines of cRNA coding for alpha- and beta-subunits results in the expression of functional GABAA-Rs sensitive to GABA. However, coexpression of a gamma-subunit is required for benzodiazepine modulation. The various effects of the benzodiazepines in brain may also be mediated via different alpha-subunits of the receptor (McKernan et al., 2000; Mehta and Ticku, 1998; Ogris et al., 2004; Pöltl et al., 2003).

Supplier: Proteintech

Protein tags are protein or peptide sequences located either on the C- or N- terminal of the target protein, which facilitates one or several of the following characteristics: solubility, detection, purification, localization and expression. Green fluorescence protein(GFP) is a protein composed of 238 amino acid residues(26.9kDa) derived from the Jellyfish Aequorea victoria, which emits green light(emission peak at 509nm) when excited by blue light(excitation peak at 395nm). GFP has become an invaluable tool in cell biology research, since its intrinsic fluorescence can be visualized in living cells. EGFP contains the double-amino-acid substitutions Phe-64 to Leu and Ser-65 to Thr(previously published as GFPmut1; PMID: 8707053). In contrast to wtGFP, EGFP has a single, strong, red-shifted excitation peak at 488nm. GFPmut1 fluoresces 35-fold more intensely than wtGFP when excited at 488nm, due to an increase in its extinction coefficient(Em). The antibody recognizes the GFP-tag, eGFP tag, eYPF tag, CFP tag or YFP tag fused to either the amino- or carboxy-terminus of targeted proteins in transfected mammalian cells.

Supplier: Thermo Scientific

The maf oncogene was identified by structural analysis of the AS42 avian transforming retrovirus genome. The Maf family is divided into two subclasses, large Mafs (vMaf, cMaf, MafB and Nrl) and small Mafs (MafF, MafK, and MafG). Both subclasses contain leucinezipper motifs, which allow homodimerization as well as heterodimerization with a variety of other bZip transcription factors. Large Mafs also contain an acidic transactivation domain absent in the small Maf proteins. Although they do not possess inherent transactivation activity, small Maf proteins can act as positive regulators of transcription by targeting transcriptionally active dimerization partners to specific DNA regulatory elements. Conversely, small Mafs can act also as negative regulators of transcription by recruiting transcriptional repressors or by forming homodimers that can replace active dimers. Human MafF was isolated in a yeast one-hybrid system from a human myometrium cDNA library. Human MAFF encodes a 164 amino acids proten. Like other small MAFF proteins, it contains an extended leucine zipper structure and lacks an N-terminal transactivating domain. The three small Maf proteins have been implicated in a number of physiological processes, including development, differentiation, haematopoiesis and stress response. Interestingly, these three proteins regulate the stress response via different mechanisms.

Supplier: Proteintech

Cadherins are a family of transmembrane glycoproteins that mediate calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion and play an important role in the maintenance of normal tissue architecture. E-cadherin (epithelial cadherin), also known as CDH1 (cadherin 1) or CAM 120/80, is a classical member of the cadherin superfamily which also include N-, P-, R-, and B-cadherins. It has been regarded as a marker for spermatogonial stem cells in mice. E-cadherin is expressed on the cell surface in most epithelial tissues. The extracellular region of E-cadherin establishes calcium-dependent homophilic trans binding, providing specific interaction with adjacent cells, while the cytoplasmic domain is connected to the actin cytoskeleton through the interaction with p120-, α-, β-, and γ-catenin (plakoglobin). E-cadherin is important in the maintenance of the epithelial integrity, and is involved in mechanisms regulating proliferation, differentiation, and survival of epithelial cell. E-cadherin may also play a role in tumorigenesis. It is considered to be an invasion suppressor protein and its loss is an indicator of high tumor aggressiveness. E-cadherin is sensitive to trypsin digestion in the absence of Ca2+. This polyclonal antibody recognizes 120-kDa intact E-cadherin and its 80-kDa trypsin-cleaved fragment.

Supplier: Celestron International

StarSense Explorer is ideal for beginners thanks to the app’s user-friendly interface and detailed tutorials.

Supplier: Prosci

FUSIP1 is a member of the serine-arginine (SR) family of proteins, which is involved in constitutive and regulated RNA splicing. Members of this family are characterized by N-terminal RNP1 and RNP2 motifs, which are required for binding to RNA, and multiple C-terminal SR/RS repeats, which are important in mediating association with other cellular proteins. This protein can influence splice site selection of adenovirus E1A pre-mRNA. It interacts with the oncoprotein TLS, and abrogates the influence of TLS on E1A pre-mRNA splicing.This gene product is a member of the serine-arginine (SR) family of proteins, which is involved in constitutive and regulated RNA splicing. Members of this family are characterized by N-terminal RNP1 and RNP2 motifs, which are required for binding to RNA, and multiple C-terminal SR/RS repeats, which are important in mediating association with other cellular proteins. This protein can influence splice site selection of adenovirus E1A pre-mRNA. It interacts with the oncoprotein TLS, and abrogates the influence of TLS on E1A pre-mRNA splicing. Alternative splicing of this gene results in at least two transcript variants encoding different isoforms. In addition, transcript variants utilizing alternative polyA sites exist.

Supplier: Prosci

TEF (thyrotroph embryonic factor) is a member of the PAR bZip (proline and acidic amino acid-rich basic leucine zipper) transcription factor family. It accumulates with robust circadian rhythms in tissues with high amplitudes of clock gene expression.Thyrotroph embryonic factor (TEF), a transcription factor, is a member of the PAR (proline and acidic amino acid-rich) subfamily of basic region/leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors. It is expressed in a broad range of cells and tissues in adult animals, however, during embryonic development, TEF expression appears to be restricted to the developing anterior pituitary gland, coincident with the appearance of thyroid-stimulating hormone, beta (TSHB). Indeed, TEF can bind to, and transactivate the TSHB promoter. It shows homology (in the functional domains) with other members of the PAR-bZIP subfamily of transcription factors, which include albumin D box-binding protein (DBP), human hepatic leukemia factor (HLF) and chicken vitellogenin gene-binding protein (VBP); VBP is considered the chicken homologue of TEF. Different members of the subfamily can readily form heterodimers, and share DNA-binding, and transcriptional regulatory properties.

Supplier: G-Biosciences

G-Biosciences offers a wide selection of genomic isolation kits that purify high quality genomic DNA from a variety of sources and for a wide array of applications. G-Biosciences' XIT™ DNA kits produce protein-free, high quality DNA through the principle of cell lysis, protein digestion and precipitation, and genomic DNA purification. No chloroform or phenol extraction is required. High quality DNA can be isolated from sample types including: animal tissues, cells, whole blood, bacteria, Buccal cells, plant tissues, mouse tail, yeast, and FFPE tissue. G-Biosciences' XIT™ DNA kit procedures remove contaminants and enzyme inhibitors, allowing the purified DNA to be ready for immediate use for all downstream analyses. The purified DNA from G-Biosciences' XIT™ DNA kits have a A₂₆₀/A₂₈₀ ratio, between 1.7 and 1.9 (with the exception of the Buccal cells kit with a ratio between 1.8 and 2.0), and are up to 200 kb in size.

Supplier: Labconco

Designed for research, educational, and clinical applications requiring small working space and efficient fume removal. Fire- and chemical-resistant, one-piece molded fiberglass interior and pre-set baffle have a flame-spread index less than 25 per ASTM E-84. All models feature a pivoting airfoil that promotes airflow.

Supplier: Prosci

Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) family members are regulatory molecules that act as GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) for G alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins. RGS proteins are able to deactivate G protein subunits of the Gi alpha, Go alpha and Gq alpha subtypes. They drive G proteins into their inactive GDP-bound forms. Regulator of G protein signaling 4 belongs to this family. All RGS proteins share a conserved 120-amino acid sequence termed the RGS domain. This protein negatively regulates signaling upstream or at the level of the heterotrimeric G protein and is localized in the cytoplasm.Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) family members are regulatory molecules that act as GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) for G alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins. RGS proteins are able to deactivate G protein subunits of the Gi alpha, Go alpha and Gq alpha subtypes. They drive G proteins into their inactive GDP-bound forms. Regulator of G protein signaling 4 belongs to this family. All RGS proteins share a conserved 120-amino acid sequence termed the RGS domain. Regulator of G protein signaling 4 protein is 37% identical to RGS1 and 97% identical to rat Rgs4. This protein negatively regulate signaling upstream or at the level of the heterotrimeric G protein and is localized in the cytoplasm.

Supplier: Prosci

CARS is a class 1 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. Each of the twenty aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyzes the aminoacylation of a specific tRNA or tRNA isoaccepting family with the cognate amino acid. This gene is one of several located near the imprinted gene domain of 11p15.5, an important tumor-suppressor gene region. Alterations in this region have been associated with the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Wilms tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, and lung, ovarian, and breast cancer. Western blots using two different antibodies against two unique regions of this protein target confirm the same apparent molecular weight in our tests.This gene encodes a class 1 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. Each of the twenty aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyzes the aminoacylation of a specific tRNA or tRNA isoaccepting family with the cognate amino acid. This gene is one of several located near the imprinted gene domain of 11p15.5, an important tumor-suppressor gene region. Alterations in this region have been associated with the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Wilms tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, and lung, ovarian, and breast cancer. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms.

Supplier: Prosci

IFN gamma receptor beta is part of the receptor for interferon gamma. This class II cytokine receptor pairs with CDw119 to form the IFN gamma receptor and is an integral part of the IFN gamma signal transduction pathway. CDw119 serves as the IFN gamma binding chain and associates with the IFN gamma beta chain which is required for receptor signaling. The extracellular portion of both the IFN gamma receptor alpha and beta chains must be species matched. The IFN gamma receptor beta chain is expressed on T and B cells, NK cells, monocytes/ macrophages, and fibroblasts. Binding of IFN gamma induces receptor dimerization, internalization, Jak1 and Jak2 protein kinase activation and, ultimately, STAT1 activation. It is also likely to interact with GAF. IFN gamma initiates and regulates a variety of immune responses and is required for signal transduction. Contains 2 fibronectin type III domains. Defects in IFN gamma Receptor beta are a cause of mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD), a rare condition that confers predisposition to illness caused by several mycobacteria strains

Supplier: Biosensis

The Biosensis Mature BDNF/proBDNF Combo RapidTM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Kit combines individual, but complementary ELISA kits for the two most important BDNF isoforms: Mature BDNF (BEK-2211) and full-length proBDNF (BEK-2237).

Supplier: Omega Bio-Tek

Isolate plasmid DNA from up to 5 ml culture in 9 minutes utilizing an innovative lysate clearance column.

Supplier: Thermo Scientific Chemicals

D-(+)-Camphor 98%

Supplier: G-Biosciences

G-Biosciences' Tri-Xtract™ is a convenient, ready-to-use reagent designed for the isolation of total RNA that is free from protein and DNA contamination

Supplier: Prosci

The CD8 antigen is a cell surface glycoprotein found on most cytotoxic T lymphocytes that mediates efficient cell-cell interactions within the immune system. The CD8 antigen, acting as a coreceptor, and the T-cell receptor on the T lymphocyte recognize antigen displayed by an antigen presenting cell (APC) in the context of class I MHC molecules. The functional coreceptor is either a homodimer composed of two alpha chains, or a heterodimer composed of one alpha and one beta chain. Both alpha and beta chains share significant homology to immunoglobulin variable light chains. CD8B is the CD8 beta chain isoforms.The CD8 antigen is a cell surface glycoprotein found on most cytotoxic T lymphocytes that mediates efficient cell-cell interactions within the immune system. The CD8 antigen, acting as a coreceptor, and the T-cell receptor on the T lymphocyte recognize antigen displayed by an antigen presenting cell (APC) in the context of class I MHC molecules. The functional coreceptor is either a homodimer composed of two alpha chains, or a heterodimer composed of one alpha and one beta chain. Both alpha and beta chains share significant homology to immunoglobulin variable light chains. This gene encodes the CD8 beta chain isoforms. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct membrane associated or secreted isoforms have been described. A pseudogene, also located on chromosome 2, has been identified.

Supplier: Prosci

The elongation of primed DNA templates by DNA polymerase delta and DNA polymerase epsilon requires the accessory proteins proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and replication factor C (RFC). RFC, also named activator 1, is a protein complex consisting of five distinct subunits of 140, 40, 38, 37, and 36 kD. RFC5 is the 36 kD subunit. This subunit can interact with the C-terminal region of PCNA. It forms a core complex with the 38 and 40 kDa subunits. The core complex possesses DNA-dependent ATPase activity, which was found to be stimulated by PCNA in an in vitro system.The elongation of primed DNA templates by DNA polymerase delta and DNA polymerase epsilon requires the accessory proteins proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and replication factor C (RFC). RFC, also named activator 1, is a protein complex consisting of five distinct subunits of 140, 40, 38, 37, and 36 kD. This gene encodes the 36 kD subunit. This subunit can interact with the C-terminal region of PCNA. It forms a core complex with the 38 and 40 kDa subunits. The core complex possesses DNA-dependent ATPase activity, which was found to be stimulated by PCNA in an in vitro system. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported.

Supplier: Prosci

CD36 is the fourth major glycoprotein of the platelet surface and serves as a receptor for thrombospondin in platelets and various cell lines. Since thrombospondins are widely distributed proteins involved in a variety of adhesive processes, this protein may have important functions as a cell adhesion molecule. It binds to collagen, thrombospondin, anionic phospholipids and oxidized LDL. It directly mediates cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum parasitized erythrocytes and it binds long chain fatty acids and may function in the transport and/or as a regulator of fatty acid transport. Mutations in its gene cause platelet glycoprotein deficiency.The protein encoded by this gene is the fourth major glycoprotein of the platelet surface and serves as a receptor for thrombospondin in platelets and various cell lines. Since thrombospondins are widely distributed proteins involved in a variety of adhesive processes, this protein may have important functions as a cell adhesion molecule. It binds to collagen, thrombospondin, anionic phospholipids and oxidized LDL. It directly mediates cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum parasitized erythrocytes and it binds long chain fatty acids and may function in the transport and/or as a regulator of fatty acid transport. Mutations in this gene cause platelet glycoprotein deficiency. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein isoform have been found for this gene.

Supplier: Prosci

XBP1 is a transcription factor that regulates MHC class II genes by binding to a promoter element referred to as an X box. XBP1 is a bZIP protein, which was also identified as a cellular transcription factor that binds to an enhancer in the promoter of the T cell leukemia virus type 1 promoter. It may increase expression of viral proteins by acting as the DNA binding partner of a viral transactivator.This gene encodes a transcription factor that regulates MHC class II genes by binding to a promoter element referred to as an X box. This gene product is a bZIP protein, which was also identified as a cellular transcription factor that binds to an enhancer in the promoter of the T cell leukemia virus type 1 promoter. It may increase expression of viral proteins by acting as the DNA binding partner of a viral transactivator. It has been found that upon accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the mRNA of this gene is processed to an active form by an unconventional splicing mechanism that is mediated by the endonuclease inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1). The resulting loss of 26 nt from the spliced mRNA causes a frame-shift and an isoform XBP1 (S), which is the functionally active transcription factor. The isoform encoded by the unspliced mRNA, XBP1 (U), is constitutively expressed, and thought to function as a negative feedback regulator of XBP1 (S), which shuts off transcription of target genes during the recovery phase of ER stress. A pseudogene of XBP1 has been identified and localized to chromosome 5.

Supplier: Prosci

Profilin (PFN1) is a ubiquitous small (12-15kDa) phosphoinositide and poly-L-proline binding protein that plays a role in signal transduction pathways and actin filament dynamics. There are two mammalian profilins with similar biochemical properties. Whereas profilin I appears to be highly expressed in most tissues except for skeletal muscle, profilin II is predominantly expressed in brain and at lower levels also in skeletal muscle, uterus and kidney. Profilin is a mainly cytosolic protein with higher concentrations in dynamic membrane areas like the leading edge and ruffling membranes. Profilin binding to PIP2 interferes with PIP2 hydrolysis by soluble phospholipase C-gamma, an inhibition that can be overcome by tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-gamma. Besides actin monomer sequestration and stimulation of actin nucleotide exchange, profilin can also promote cellular actin filament growth. Profilin is involved in the actin dependent intracellular motility of cytopathogenic bacteria, the regulation of cell adhesion and possibly also in linking the actin cytoskeleton and endocytosis. Profilin has been found to associate with defined complexes containing proteins such as Arp2/3 or the Rho/Rac pathways constituents ROCK-II and HEM2/NAP1. Defects in PFN1 are the cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 18 (ALS18).

Supplier: Genetex

ZAP70, a 70 kDa member of the Syk tyrosine kinase family, plays a central role in lymphocyte activation and development, and is implicated in several immune disorders. Upon T cell antigen receptor (TCR) engagement, ZAP70 is phosphorylated on tyrosines 292, 315 and 319 in the interdomain B, located between the SH2 and kinase domains. Phosphorylation of both tyrosines 315 (a Vav binding site) and 319 (a Lck binding site) enhances ZAP70 function in mediating lymphocyte signaling, while tyrosine 292 terminates the transient activation of ZAP70 and attentuates lymphocyte signaling. Phosphorylation of tyrosines 315 and 319 plays an important role in mediating the positive and negative selection of T cells in thymus.Mutations in ZAP70 gene results in a form of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome (SCID) in humans. ZAP70 expression also defines a subset of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) in patients with unmutated Ig gene and poor clinical course. Recent studies suggest that protein levels of ZAP70 are elevated in B cells of CLL patients with non mutant heavy chain variable region (IgVH) but not those with the mutant regions. Recent evidence suggests that ZAP70 could be an excellent prognostic biomarker with high levels of the proteins indicating a poor prognosis.

Supplier: Proteintech

Protein tags are protein or peptide sequences located either on the C- or N- terminal of the target protein, which facilitates one or several of the following characteristics: solubility, detection, purification, localization and expression. Green fluorescence protein(GFP) is a protein composed of 238 amino acid residues(26.9kDa) derived from the Jellyfish Aequorea victoria, which emits green light(emission peak at 509nm) when excited by blue light(excitation peak at 395nm). GFP has become an invaluable tool in cell biology research, since its intrinsic fluorescence can be visualized in living cells. EGFP contains the double-amino-acid substitutions Phe-64 to Leu and Ser-65 to Thr(previously published as GFPmut1; PMID: 8707053). In contrast to wtGFP, EGFP has a single, strong, red-shifted excitation peak at 488nm. GFPmut1 fluoresces 35-fold more intensely than wtGFP when excited at 488nm, due to an increase in its extinction coefficient(Em). This antibody is a rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against full-length eGFP and reactive against all variants of Aequorea victoria GFP such as S65T-GFP, RS-GFP, YFP, CFP and eGFP.
Note: Do not add Azium (Sodium Azide or Smite) into the dilution buffer. Azium is the HRP inhibitor which decreases the enzyme activity of HRP.

Supplier: Omega Bio-Tek

Magnetic separation device-A consists of 24 powerful magnetic rods that fit between the wells of commercially-available 96-well microplates

Supplier: IBI Scientific

The miRNA Isolation kits are designed for the purification of microRNA (miRNA) and other small cellular RNAs from tissue samples and cultured cells

Supplier: G-Biosciences

G-Biosciences' OmniTemplate™ is specifically designed for the rapid isolation of a DNA template for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis from mammalian tissue samples, blood and cell cultures

Supplier: IBI Scientific

Kits provide a fast and economical method for the purification of total DNA (including genomic, mitochondrial, and viral DNA) fresh whole blood, plasma, serum, buffy coat, other bodily fluids, lymphocytes, bacteria, and cultured cells

Supplier: CUBE BIOTECH

AASTYs (Acrylic acid-co-styrenes) - like AASTY 11-55 - are highly alternating copolymers, well-suited for generating native lipid nanodiscs. They are a 2022 novel developed series for membrane protein solubilization & stabilization. AASTY 11-55 is named from its molecular weight and Acrylic Acid : Styrene Ratio. These varying ratios of acrylic acid to styrene contribute to the hydrophilic properties of our AASTYs. In general lighter AASTYs, like 6-45 tend to be more aggressive, while heavier AASTYs, such as 11-55 show higher thermodynamic stability.

The exact composition of AASTY copolymers shows different extraction efficiencies, depending on the lipid composition of the lipid bilayers being formulated into nanodiscs. As AASTY is made by controlled radical polymerization techniques, the dispersity of polymer molecular weight distribution is low, and the molecular weights are controlled. This means that excess AASTY copolymer can be removed by dialysis after nanodisc formation. Based on previous findings on SMA, it is the expectation that AASTY of different molecular weights will display different rates of nanodisc formation, extraction efficacy, and stability of resulting nanodiscs.

Every membrane protein solubilization needs to undergo a screening process before. The characteristic phospholipid environment surrounding the different membrane proteins in question performs differently well with each polymer. To support you in this process we offer a handy Screening Kit for AASTYs to test them all. Additionally, we recommend the two following publications if you would like to get further information: Smith et al. 2020 & Timcenko et al. 2022

Supplier: Prosci

DLX3 is a member of the Dlx gene family which contains a homeobox that is related to that of Distal-less (Dll), a gene expressed in the head and limbs of the developing fruit fly. The Distal-less homeo box (Dlx) family of genes comprises at least 6 different members, DLX1-DLX6. Trichodentoosseous syndrome (TDO), an autosomal dominant condition, has been correlated with DLX3 gene mutation. Mutations in this gene have been associated with the autosomal dominant conditions trichodentoosseous syndrome and amelogenesis imperfecta with taurodontism.Many vertebrate homeo box-containing genes have been identified on the basis of their sequence similarity with Drosophila developmental genes. Members of the Dlx gene family contain a homeobox that is related to that of Distal-less (Dll), a gene expressed in the head and limbs of the developing fruit fly. The Distal-less (Dlx) family of genes comprises at least 6 different members, DLX1-DLX6. Trichodentoosseous syndrome (TDO), an autosomal dominant condition, has been correlated with DLX3 gene mutation. This gene is located in a tail-to-tail configuration with another member of the gene family on the long arm of chromosome 17. Mutations in this gene have been associated with the autosomal dominant conditions trichodentoosseous syndrome and amelogenesis imperfecta with taurodontism.

Supplier: Thermo Scientific

Thermo Scientific Pierce DSP (Lomant's Reagent) is a water-insoluble, homo-bifunctional N-hydroxysuccimide ester (NHS ester) crosslinker that is thiol-cleavable, primary amine-reactive, and useful for many applications. DSP contains an amine-reactive NHS ester at each end of an 8-carbon spacer arm. NHS esters react with primary amines at pH 7–9 to form stable amide bonds and releasing N-hydroxy-succinimide. Proteins, including antibodies, generally have several primary amines in the side chain of lysine (K) residues and the N-terminus of each polypeptide that are available as targets for NHS ester crosslinking reagents. DSP is non-sulfonated and insoluble in water, so it must first be dissolved in an organic solvent and then added to the aqueous reaction mixture. Because DSP does not possess a charged group, it is lipophilic and membrane-permeable and so useful for intracellular and intramembrane conjugation. A sulfonated analog of DSP (DTTSP) is water soluble. DSS, the non-cleavable analog of the DSP crosslinker is also available for applications that require a stable spacer arm that cannot be cleaved in the presence of reducing agents.